Remember Mel Practess, the attorney you met last month who came out ahead by using his wife’s car for business?
Once Mel and Sharpe, his wife, started using both cars, they had 73.7 percent business use of each car.1 Before their agreement to switch cars every week, Mel drove one car and achieved 93.3 percent business use.
If you are single and have two or more vehicles, you likely come out ahead by using all vehicles for business. Why? Let’s look at an example.
Jim has three cars with the following basis for depreciation:
- $50,000 for vehicle 1
- $33,000 for vehicle 2
- $27,000 for vehicle 3
If Jim drives only vehicle 1 for business, the most he could deduct for depreciation would be $50,000. But if he drives all three, the most he could deduct would be $110,000.
You get the idea.
Now, let’s get into some of the rules.
Depreciating the Former Personal Vehicle
When you convert a personal vehicle to business use, the law sees you as placing the vehicle in service in your business at that time. That means on that placed-in-service date, you can begin depreciating the asset and claiming your tax deductions.2
To determine the basis for depreciation, use the lesser of3
- fair market value on the date of conversion from personal to business use; or
- adjusted basis of the property (generally the amount you paid for the vehicle plus the cost of any improvements).
Example 1. Your spouse paid $43,000 for her personal vehicle. Today, the day you convert it to business use, it has a fair market value of $31,000. Your basis for depreciation is $31,000.
Bonus Depreciation and Section 179 Expensing
You may not use Section 179 expensing on assets that you convert from personal to business use.4
But you likely can use bonus depreciation. This depends on when you acquired the vehicle that you are converting from personal to business use:
- If you acquired the vehicle before September 28, 2017, you may not claim bonus depreciation by converting that vehicle to business use in 2023.5
- If you acquired the vehicle on or after September 28, 2017, you use today’s 2023 bonus depreciation rules on the converted vehicle.
Example 2. Henry converts his 2016 personal SUV to business use in 2023. He may not claim bonus depreciation on the 2016 SUV.
Example 3. Helen converts her personal 2021 SUV, which has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of over 6,000 pounds, to business use in 2023 when it has a fair market value of $35,000
—far less than the $60,000 she paid for it. Helen will use the SUV 70 percent for business.
She can deduct $19,600 in bonus depreciation ($35,000 x 70 percent business use x 80 percent bonus depreciation). In addition, Helen can claim MACRS depreciation on the remaining basis and 70 percent of her vehicle operating expenses.
Bonus Depreciation Rule You Must Know
The law makes bonus depreciation your method of depreciation if you don’t elect out of it on your tax return.6 This is unusual. Generally, to qualify for an additional tax break, you must take action. But with bonus depreciation, you are in for the tax break if you don’t elect out of it.
And beware: when you “don’t elect out” of bonus depreciation, the 80 percent 2023 bonus depreciation deduction applies to all assets in the class.7
Example 4. You place in service a vehicle that’s in the five-year class, and also seven other non- vehicle five-year-class assets. You must claim 80 percent bonus depreciation on either (a) all eight assets or (b) none.
Key point. To get to the “none,” you must elect out of bonus depreciation for this class of assets on your tax return.
Three Bonus Depreciation Basics for Vehicles
- Optional mileage When, during 2023, you place a business vehicle in service and elect to use the IRS optional mileage rate of 65.5 cents a mile, your 28 cents-a-mile depreciation deduction is included inside the 65.5 cent mileage rate.8 So for the optional mileage rate user, that’s it—there’s no bonus or other depreciation.
- Heavy SUVs, crossover vehicles, pickup trucks with beds six feet long or longer, cargo vans, and certain passenger vans with gross vehicle weight ratings in excess of 6,000 pounds are exempt from the luxury vehicle limits and thus qualify for 2023 bonus depreciation of up to 80 percent.9
- Luxury passenger vehicles. Cars with curb weights of 6,000 pounds or lighter and SUVs and other vehicles from number 2 above with GVWRs of 6,000 pounds or less with acquisition dates after September 27, 2017, qualify for bonus depreciation of up to $8,000.10
Basis When You Sell
There’s a trick to basis when you sell property that you converted from personal to business use— you have a rule for calculating losses and then a different rule for calculating gains:
Losses. To calculate losses, use your tax return’s adjusted basis (i.e., the lower of cost or market basis at time of conversion minus depreciation).11
Gains. To calculate gains, use original cost basis minus post-conversion depreciation. In most cases, original cost gives you a higher basis and thus less tax on your gains.12 So don’t accidentally use adjusted basis.
Takeaways
When it comes to your taxes, most personal assets other than your home are disappointments because
- you pay taxes on the personal gains, and
- you may not deduct the personal losses.
But when you convert a personal vehicle or other personal asset to business use, you create tax benefits. And you create these new tax benefits without spending any new money.